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Flexible perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with 33.6% efficiency

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Flexible solar cells have a transformative potential for niche applications, yet face fundamental challenges in simultaneously achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE), extreme mechanical resilience and operational stability1–4. Herein, we demonstrate a certified 33.6%-efficient flexible perovskite/crystalline silicon (c-Si) tandem solar cell with a record open-circuit voltage (V oc ) of 2.015 V, rivaling its rigid counterpart. The flexible tandem retains 91% of its initial PCE after 5,000 cycles under a bending radius (R b ) of 17.6 mm, and demonstrates exceptional operational and damp-heat (DH) stability, featuring a T 80 lifetime exceeding 2,000 hours under continuous illumination and retaining 90% of its initial PCE after 1,000 hours DH test. This advancement is enabled by implementation of the reactive-plasma-deposited (RPD) cerium and hydrogen co-doped indium oxide (ICO:H) recombination layer (RL) that promotes self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) coverage and interfacial charge transfer, and in-situ annealed zinc-doped indium oxide (IZO) front transparent electrode with significantly enhanced optoelectronic and mechanical properties.