Vialess heterogeneous skin patch for multimodal monitoring and stimulation

Design and system architecture of fMMD Figure 1a schematically depicts the integration process of the mechanically flexible and wireless fMMD along with assembling and folding functional components. The fMMD reported here is mainly composed of five constituent parts: (1) a lithium-polymer rechargeable battery with linear charge management controller of 85 mA charge current, (2) biosensing modules to record cardiac activity, movements, and skin temperature using electrical and optical modalities, (3) force-electrically responsive drug delivery module as chemical modality, (4) Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication module to collect biosensing signals and trigger drug delivery wirelessly, and (5) silicone elastomer for soft encapsulation. For effective placement and adaptation on the curved skin, the overall layout is designed as an FPCB with an island-bridge structure, where the bridge enables bending and stretching through the serpentine interconnect. Moreover, the integrated fMMD g ... Read full article.