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The Download: AI-designed viruses, and bad news for the hydrogen industry

Artificial intelligence can draw cat pictures and write emails. Now the same technology can compose a working genome. A research team in California says it used AI to propose new genetic codes for viruses—and managed to get several of them to replicate and kill bacteria. The work, described in a preprint paper, has the potential to create new treatments and accelerate research into artificially engineered cells. But experts believe it is also an “impressive first step” toward AI-designed l

Clean hydrogen is facing a big reality check

Here are three things to know about the state of hydrogen in 2025. 1. Expectations for annual clean hydrogen production by 2030 are shrinking, for the first time. While hydrogen has the potential to serve as a clean fuel, today most is made with processes that use fossil fuels. As of 2025, about a million metric tons of low-emissions hydrogen are produced annually. That’s less than 1% of total hydrogen production. In last year’s Global Hydrogen Report, the IEA projected that global production

We Asked Dentists: What's the Best Whitening Toothpaste of 2025?

Why we like it: Colgate Optic White Pro Series toothpaste is one whitening toothpaste that Dr. Fatima Khan, a dentist in Houston, Texas, recommends. Some of her reasons for recommending it include its trusted brand name and its 5% hydrogen peroxide whitening agent. Unlike other whitening agents that work by removing stains on the surface of the tooth, hydrogen peroxide can get inside the tooth so it whitens intrinsically as well as extrinsically. Sachar also recommends this toothpaste, saying,

The first stars may not have been as uniformly massive as we thought

For decades, astronomers have wondered what the very first stars in the universe were like. These stars formed new chemical elements, which enriched the universe and allowed the next generations of stars to form the first planets. The first stars were initially composed of pure hydrogen and helium, and they were massive—hundreds to thousands of times the mass of the Sun and millions of times more luminous. Their short lives ended in enormous explosions called supernovae, so they had neither the

The Best Whitening Toothpaste of 2025, According to Dentists

Why we like it: Colgate Optic White Pro Series toothpaste is one whitening toothpaste that Dr. Fatima Khan, a dentist in Houston, Texas, recommends. Some of her reasons for recommending it include its trusted brand name and its 5% hydrogen peroxide whitening agent. Unlike other whitening agents that work by removing stains on the surface of the tooth, hydrogen peroxide can get inside the tooth so it whitens intrinsically as well as extrinsically. Sachar also recommends this toothpaste, saying,

Engineering Breakthrough Opens Door to Cheap Hydrogen Power

As an alternative to fossil fuel combustion, hydrogen fuel cells hold tremendous promise. But they’re also notoriously difficult and expensive to manage, which largely explains why we don’t see them everywhere (or anywhere, for that matter, except for a few initiatives that are “exploring” their efficiency). But that may soon change. In a Nature Materials paper published August 8, researchers announced the development of a new type of solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) that addresses an underlying pr

Scientists have recreated the Universe's first molecule

Immediately after the Big Bang, which occurred around 13.8 billion years ago, the universe was dominated by unimaginably high temperatures and densities. However, after just a few seconds, it had cooled down enough for the first elements to form, primarily hydrogen and helium. These were still completely ionized at this point, as it took almost 380,000 years for the temperature in the universe to drop enough for neutral atoms to form through recombination with free electrons. This paved the way

Scientists Recreated the Universe’s First Molecule

Seconds after the Big Bang, the newborn universe gave rise to the first elements—ionized forms of hydrogen and helium. These particles combined, forging helium hydride—the first ever molecule. It would take another several hundred million years for the first stars to be born, and scientists have long puzzled over the exact nature of the chemical processes that led to their formation. To try and tease apart the stellar origin story, scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in H

Best Whitening Toothpaste of 2025, According to Dentists

Why we like it: Colgate Optic White Pro Series toothpaste is one whitening toothpaste that Dr. Fatima Khan, a dentist in Houston, Texas, recommends. Some of her reasons for recommending it include its trusted brand name and its 5% hydrogen peroxide whitening agent. Unlike other whitening agents that work by removing stains on the surface of the tooth, hydrogen peroxide can get inside the tooth so it whitens intrinsically as well as intrinsically. Sachar also recommends this toothpaste, saying,

Another big car company gives up on hydrogen

Stellantis, the automotive giant behind Chrysler, Citroen, Fiat, Jeep and Peugeot, is pulling out of hydrogen. The company said it’s killing its fuel cell development program in the face of “limited availability of hydrogen refueling infrastructure, high capital requirements and the need for stronger consumer purchasing incentives.” To put that another way, it’s realized hydrogen EVs are facing the same set of challenges it’s not been able to overcome in the last two or three decades. It’s a st

Stellantis abandons hydrogen fuel cell development

To paraphrase Mean Girls, "stop trying to make hydrogen happen." For some years now, detractors of battery electric vehicles have held up hydrogen as a clean fuel panacea. That sometimes refers to hydrogen combustion engines, but more often, it's hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles, or FCEVs. Both promise motoring with only water emitted from the vehicles' exhausts. It's just that hydrogen actually kinda sucks as a fuel, and automaker Stellantis announced today that it is ending the developmen

Amogy raises $80M to power ships and data centers with ammonia

From tariffs to the recent reconciliation bill, climate tech startups have been grappling with a rapidly changing landscape. Brooklyn-based startup Amogy has managed to avoid turbulence induced by U.S. politics by keeping its sights on more promising foreign markets. Amogy’s ammonia-to-power tech and its focus on Asian markets, including Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, has helped it land a fresh $23 million in funding. The round, which brings its most recent fundraise to $80 million, increas

Tulum Energy rediscovered a forgotten hydrogen tech and used it to raise $27M

It was a mistake that was ahead of its time. Between 2002 and 2005, engineers with the Techint Group were trying to dial in a new electric arc furnace for a steelmaker when they noticed something odd. The carbon electrodes, rather than breaking down, were growing larger. The team had inadvertently created what’s known as a pyrolysis reaction, which is basically burning something in the absence of oxygen. In this case, the furnace was splitting methane into pure hydrogen and pure carbon. The te

The Download: Namibia’s hydrogen hopes, and fixing AI evaluation

Factories have used fossil fuels to process iron ore for three centuries, and the climate has paid a heavy price: According to the International Energy Agency, the steel industry today accounts for 8% of carbon dioxide emissions. But it turns out there is a less carbon-­intensive alternative: using hydrogen. Unlike coal or natural gas, which release carbon dioxide as a by-product, this process releases water. And if the hydrogen itself is “green,” the climate impact of the entire process will

Namibia wants to build the world’s first hydrogen economy

But environmentalists are not the only ones who’ve criticized the choice of location. An expanded port, built to facilitate ammonia exports, will sit immediately adjacent to a site that housed a labor and extermination camp during Namibia’s 1904–1908 genocide, in which tens of thousands of Nama and Herero people were killed by German soldiers during a period of resistance to colonial rule. A 2024 report commissioned by Nama and Herero leaders argues that the extension of port infrastructure woul

California’s Salton Sea Is Emitting Way More Toxic Gas Than We Thought

California’s largest and most-polluted lake, the Salton Sea, is exuding hydrogen sulfide, a noxious gas, at rates that greatly exceed the state’s air quality standards. Alarmingly, a new study finds that California’s air quality monitoring systems may be severely underestimating how much toxic pollution is reaching people living near the lake. Hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotten eggs, is linked to a host of respiratory and neurological symptoms. The new study, published in the journal Ge