GoKawiilLast week’s note has drawn so much attention that a follow-up is in order. To quickly recap, I argued that even though Meta’s $20 billion/year VR project is now pretty much dead, and seemingly so is most of the current VR market, the fundamental technology is here to stay. The technology industry may have moved on to AI, but the virtual reality concept is so deeply embedded in human psychology, philosophy, and culture that efforts to realize it through technology will inevitably persist and resurge.
When VR technology becomes mainstream—pervasive, affordable, socially normalized, and supported by rich content ecosystems—we can expect major economic, cultural, and legal disruptive effects. I have written before about innovation through disruption, suggesting that it may lead to problematic imbalances. Widespread adoption of VR technology has the potential to either advance or undermine core social systems and structures. This is something we should be aware of and possibly plan for.
What makes VR fundamentally different, and potentially more disruptive, than other technologies of the Information Age? Some commentators on last week’s note were skeptical that it is. Here is my answer.
Unlike other technologies of the digital age, VR is built to deliver a subjective psychological effect that believably simulates physical reality. It is a psychotechnological means of manipulating perception via false sensory cues—a magic trick.
Human perception is the result of an active mental process: the mind receives cues from various sensory sources and synthesizes them using memory and association to form a consistent internal model of the world. Manipulating this process is a matter of replacing real sensory cues with simulated cues, even rough ones, tricking the mind into creating and maintaining an artificial perception model and the subjective feeling of being present elsewhere. VR technology does exactly that. To emphasize, virtual reality does not need to be indistinguishable from physical reality to be effective, far from it; provide enough sensory cues, and the human mind will do the rest.
Cognitive research shows that the VR effect is powerful enough that users act and interact in ways that mirror real-world social norms and behavior; they consistently apply similar values and moral judgments in virtual and physical reality. In fact, VR is so effective that psychologists use it to influence real-life behavior; it helps rehabilitate offenders and treat phobias.
The key psychotechnological element of VR is presence. Presence is something we have all experienced; it is a very natural human experience. The effect of dreaming is similar to that of VR, albeit via a somewhat different mechanism: the mind blocks external stimuli and provides simulated sensory cues to create a sense of Presence in the dream. It is the ability to create Presence, the feeling of being present elsewhere using technology, that makes VR psychologically unique. Other experiences, like playing a video game, watching a movie, or reading this note, can be engaging, bringing about focus and concentration, but they do not create the psychological state of being present in a different place. VR environments provide users’ minds with sufficient sensory cues so that, in that moment, the virtual reality is their only reality.
As I mentioned, Presence has a social aspect. VR users form awareness of others and of being in their company, as well as a perceived ability to assess others and act on that assessment. This awareness leads VR users to behave in ways suggesting that they have imported real-world social conventions and morality into the VR environment. When social and moral dilemma experiments with well-established real-world results are replicated in VR, the results remain consistent. In fact, experimental behavioral studies using VR models are considered a viable research methodology in moral psychology, particularly useful in situations where a real-world study would be impossible to conduct. It is the social aspect of VR technology that has led Meta to invest so heavily in VR research and development.
Presence also has a spatial aspect. VR users gain a specific perception of being physically situated within a geometrical spatial environment. This element of Presence makes VR an effective training platform for spatial tasks, as spatial skills gained in VR carry over extremely well to the real world. Brain imaging studies show that Presence operates at a deep cognitive level, manipulating users’ conscious minds to believe they are actually navigating an alternate spatial reality.
So VR allows us to operate in an alternative social and spatial environment. But aren’t we already operating in such an environment? We are; we call it cyberspace.
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