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From the Dayton, Ohio, suburbs to boardrooms in Dallas, the employees fueling AT&T' s next wave of growth aren't fresh-faced college graduates with expensive four-year degrees. They're skilled, blue-collar workers ready to get their hands dirty — and AT&T can't find enough of them. "We need people who know how to actually work with electricity. We need people who understand photonics. We need people who can go into folks' homes and connect this infrastructure to make it work right," AT&T CEO John Stankey told CNBC during a recent interview from the company's Dallas headquarters. "We find that we've got to go out and find them, train them, and incent them to come in," he said. "It's not like we're growing them on trees in the United States." AT&T's dilemma — hunting for blue-collar workers at a time when a record number of college students are projected to graduate this spring — underscores the palpable crisis facing new degree holders as the first wave of the AI revolution hits the U.S. economy. For much of the postwar era, the American bargain was clear: Go to college, get a degree and claim your place in the middle class. As factories gave way to offices and the U.S. economy increasingly rewarded credentials over physical labor, a four-year diploma became one of the clearest symbols of upward mobility. But as AI spreads across corporate America and begins to absorb the entry-level work that once gave graduates their start, that promise is beginning to fracture. While the rapid spread of AI has not yet led to broad layoffs and empty offices, many new graduates, especially those in AI-exposed industries, are learning their degrees may no longer guarantee the opportunities they once did.
John Stankey, Chairman and CEO at AT&T, speaking at CNBC's Invest In America Forum in Washington, D.C. on April 15th, 2026. Aaron Clamage | CNBC
Meanwhile, as AI implementation spreads and CEOs find they can do more with less labor, hiring is slowing. The downturn has hit hardest the workers with little real-world experience and those in industries expected to be most vulnerable to AI replacement, such as marketing, legal, accounting, human resources and IT. If the trend continues, AI could reorder the U.S. workforce and global economy, redrawing the map of opportunity in ways that even some leading economists and technologists say they are only beginning to understand. "Is the American Dream going away because of AI?... I think the fears are all very valid," said May Hu, a 26-year-old tech consultant turned social media influencer who said she was laid off from Deloitte last year for what she described as nonperformance reasons. "I pursued college because... I think [for] most people who want to be working professionals … college is the route," she continued. "That's starting to change now." Like any technological revolution, the AI boom is expected to create new types of work. But, in a cruel twist for college graduates, many of those jobs will be blue-collar roles that for now don't require a four-year degree, centered around the construction and maintenance of data centers. Still, it's unclear how sustainable the blue-collar job boom will be once companies complete an expected wave of chip factories, data centers and other AI-fueled construction in the coming years. Major U.S. companies from Ford to Nvidia have stressed the growing need for workers to build out those facilities. "This is the largest infrastructure buildout in human history that is going to create a lot of jobs," Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang said during a panel at the World Economic Forum in January. "We are going to have plumbers and electricians and construction and steel workers and network technicians and people who install and fit out the equipment." He added that many of those roles will bring six-figure salaries as the U.S. addresses a "great shortage" of workers.
Saline, Michigan, Construction of a $16 billion data center, developed by Related Digital for Oracle and Open AI. Jim West | Universal Images Group | Getty Images
In March, AT&T announced plans to invest $250 billion over the next five years to expand its fiber network and meet the demands of AI data centers and a surge in network usage, fueled both by AI and a rise in mobile streaming and uploading. About 15% of that investment will be used for hiring and training employees, but not necessarily for white-collar jobs at its corporate office. Instead, it will primarily be used for blue-collar front-line workers, the majority of whom are skilled technicians, the company said. "As a society and within the United States, we've put a huge premium in value socially on a college degree, maybe for good reason, but in some cases ... we maybe have missed the mark," said Stankey. "That hasn't been optimal when you see the cost of education increasing at higher than the rate of inflation and yet we're short HVAC [heating, ventilation and air conditioning] repair people, we're short electricians, we're short technicians that can go in and work on fiber."
The birth of the American Dream
At the beginning of the 20th century, about 1 in 10 17-year-olds in the U.S. had finished high school while far fewer young adults had pursued higher education, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. More time in school meant less food on the table, and few Americans had the privilege of pursuing more comfortable work outside of factories and farms. That all started to change after World War II, when the GI Bill offered veterans free access to college and public universities began cropping up across the country, fueling what labor historian Shannan Clark called an "explosion" in higher education. There was "a widespread belief, shared by Democrats and Republicans alike, that this was a good investment. It was good for people to have access to higher education and that this sort of increase in human capital and a more trained, more capable, more knowledgeable workforce would also be a more productive workforce, right?" said Clark, an associate professor of history at Montclair State University.
In the coming decades, millions of Americans would trade sweltering factories for air-conditioned offices, hammers and nails for keyboards and mice, and hourly wages for sustainable salaries. Women and minorities entered the workforce in record numbers, wages grew and quality of life increased, fueling a rise in innovation, globalization and gross domestic product. By the end of the 20th century, society was in near universal agreement that an education and a little bit of grit were a sure path to the American Dream. Data shows that four-year degrees still lead to higher wages and lower unemployment over a lifetime. Even so, the belief that college is the safest way to the American Dream has changed in recent years. First, the return on investment of a four-year degree came into question amid surging higher education costs and student debt. That return is still around 12.5% as of 2024, making it well worth the cost for many graduates, but it hasn't budged beyond 13% for the past three decades, according to research from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Now, AI could put the value of a diploma under even greater pressure. "What does AI do best? AI is basically an infinite supply of 21-year-old interns that are smart but have no context," said consultant Aaron Cheris, the global head of Bain & Company's retail practice. "The job they used to do is now the one that AI is doing, right? AI is doing the entry-level job." That's made it harder for new graduates to find work, some research and data suggest. The average unemployment rate for recent college graduates ages 22 to 27 dating back to 1990 is 4.5%, but in 2025, that average jumped to around 5.4%, according to data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
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