GoKawiilCT scan of a narwhal tusk. Credit: Adrian Rodriguez Palomo/CC BY-NC CT scan of a narwhal tusk. Credit: Adrian Rodriguez Palomo/CC BY-NC
Narwhals are toothed whales, renowned for their distinctive straight, spiraling tusks, which many people in medieval times believed were the horns of unicorns and thus held magical healing properties. That belief was debunked long ago, but the tusks remain popular souvenirs in Canada and Greenland. And they still hold a fascination for scientists keen to learn more about their unusual structure. A new paper published in the journal Nature Communications reports that rather than one left-oriented spiral, narwhal tusks also have a second internal spiral oriented in the opposite direction.
Inuit legend holds that a woman was dragged into the ocean by a harpoon rope after the weapon had hit a narwhal and was transformed into the animal herself. Her hair, which she’d worn in a twisted knot, became the spiral tusk. The tusk is actually a canine tooth in the left upper jaw of male narwhals, pushing through the lip when the males reach two or three years of age and growing to lengths as long as 1.5 to 2 meters (just under 5 feet to 9 feet 10 inches). Some males may develop two long spiral tusks or, in rare cases, none at all.
There’s a general consensus that these tusks most likely evolved via sexual selection as a form of social status. They clearly aren’t crucial for survival, since the females usually don’t develop the tusk—and if they do, the tusks are much smaller with fewer spirals—and yet typically live longer than the males. But the precise function of the tusk is still a matter of considerable debate.
Narwhals have been observed using them to stun small Arctic cod while hunting. It’s possible they are used as weapons in fights, but this behavior hasn’t been directly observed, although there have been narwhals found with tusks embedded in their bodies. The presence of several million nerve endings suggests that narwhals may be able to sense temperature or salinity changes in the water with their tusks.