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Why do we keep gravitating toward complexity?

The Great Pyramids took decades to build. It was a monumental feat of human ingenuity and collaboration. Today, we software developers erect our own pyramids each day - not from stone, but from code. Yet despite far more advanced tools, these systems don’t always make the experience better. So why, when KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid) is a well-known mantra, do we keep gravitating toward complexity? Marketing > Simplicity Sell me this pen: ✎ What? You don’t know how? Okay, instead, sell me this

Magical systems thinking

The systems that enable modern life share a common origin. The water supply, the internet, the international supply chains bringing us cheap goods: each began life as a simple, working system. The first electric grid was no more than a handful of electric lamps hooked up to a water wheel in Godalming, England, in 1881. It then took successive decades of tinkering and iteration by thousands of very smart people to scale these systems to the advanced state we enjoy today. At no point did a single

Magical Systems Thinking

The systems that enable modern life share a common origin. The water supply, the internet, the international supply chains bringing us cheap goods: each began life as a simple, working system. The first electric grid was no more than a handful of electric lamps hooked up to a water wheel in Godalming, England, in 1881. It then took successive decades of tinkering and iteration by thousands of very smart people to scale these systems to the advanced state we enjoy today. At no point did a single

I unified convolution and attention into a single framework

The operational primitives of deep learning, primarily matrix multiplication and convolution, exist as a fragmented landscape of highly specialized tools. This paper introduces the Generalized Windowed Operation (GWO), a theoretical framework that unifies these operations by decomposing them into three orthogonal components: Path, defining operational locality; Shape, defining geometric structure and underlying symmetry assumptions; and Weight, defining feature importance. We elevate this f

You're Not Interviewing for the Job. You're Auditioning for the Job Title

I once had a job interview for a backend position. Their stack was Node.js, MySQL, nothing exotic. The interviewer asked: "If you have an array containing a million entries, how would you sort the data by name?" My immediate thought was: If you have a JavaScript array with a million entries, you're certainly doing something wrong. The interviewer continued: "There are multiple fields that you should be able to sort by." This felt like a trick question. Surely the right answer was to explain w

What Is Complexity in Chess?

Pacto Visual May 2020 an interesting proposal was suggested. I provided some constructive criticism on research paper A Metric of Chess Complexity by FM David Peng, as well as constructive criticism on the codebase used to validate this experiment. For many months I have refrained from further comment, and although code has not progressed, two things have: 1. Public interest in "complexity" as determined by ACPL (yuck). 2. Lichess has a blogging platform where I can properly address deficien

Cornell's world-first 'microwave brain' computes differently

Researchers at Cornell University have developed an electronic chip that they describe as a "microwave brain." The simplified chip is analog rather than digital, yet can process ultrafast data and wireless communication signals simultaneously. We are so used to thinking of computers as digital machines running on binary code that it's easy to forget that these are only one type of computer. In fact, both historically and today, many devices that we can classify as computers are analog in functi

Axle (YC S22) is hiring product engineers

We are looking for talented engineers to join our team as early members. As a Product Engineer, you’ll help build the platform that makes this possible. From structuring and cleaning complex data to using LLMs for automated data extraction, you’ll have the chance to wear a lot of hats and shape the future of our platform. We’re looking for individuals who think creatively about problems, push for real-world customer impact, and are excited about helping financial data reach full connectivity.

Axle (YC S22) Is Hiring Product Engineers

We are looking for talented engineers to join our team as early members. As a Product Engineer, you’ll help build the platform that makes this possible. From structuring and cleaning complex data to using LLMs for automated data extraction, you’ll have the chance to wear a lot of hats and shape the future of our platform. We’re looking for individuals who think creatively about problems, push for real-world customer impact, and are excited about helping financial data reach full connectivity.

Designing Software in the Large

Designing Software in the Large Software75 Jul 22, 2025 – Filed as: A Philosophy of Software Design is my favorite book I’ve read to date about designing large long-lived maintainable software programs. Here’s what I learned: Complexity Complexity is anything related to the structure of a software system that makes it hard to understand & modify the system. Symptoms of complexity: Change Amplification - A seemingly simple change requires code modifications in many different places. High Cog

Kaizen (YC X25) is hiring engineers to build browser agents that work

Why you should join Kaizen Kaizen uses browser agents to help developers instantly integrate into websites without APIs. We’re tackling the $300B business process outsourcing market by automating all repetitive work done on the computer. The problem: Most business-critical data lives in web portals without APIs. In logistics, healthcare, and financial services companies rely on hundreds of these systems. Custom integrations across them typically involve weeks of engineering work, a never-endin

Two Birds with One Tone: I/Q Signals and Fourier Transform

When a new member arrives at the Signal Processing Club, this is what they find at the club gate: I/Q signals. Perhaps a secret plot to keep most people out of the party? Some return from here to try another area (e.g., machine learning, which pays more and is easier to understand but less interesting than signal processing). Others persist enough to push the gate open for implementation purposes (even a little understanding is sufficient for this task) but never fully grasp the main idea. So w

Leprechauns, root causes, and other fairy tales

This is a short talk I gave a while ago about how complex systems fail, and root cause analysis. Transcript is below. Transcript We’re going to talk about root causes today, but since I only have about 10 minutes, I wanted to start with some stories from a book I’m writing called Bedtime Stories To Put Your Children To Sleep Instantly And Also Yourself. This first story is about leprechauns. Once upon a time, there was a company with a new employee, and one day the employee asked their manage

Cosmic Dawn: The Untold Story of the James Webb Space Telescope

Go behind the scenes with the dedicated NASA team and its partners to uncover the untold story of the James Webb Space Telescope. “Cosmic Dawn” unveils the immense challenges, groundbreaking innovations, and extraordinary efforts behind humanity’s most powerful eye on our universe, from its complex development to its nail-biting deployment a million miles away.

At Amazon's biggest data center, everything is supersized for AI

A year ago, a 1,200-acre stretch of farmland outside New Carlisle, Ind., was an empty cornfield. Now, seven Amazon data centers rise up from the rich soil, each larger than a football stadium. Over the next several years, Amazon plans to build around 30 data centers at the site, packed with hundreds of thousands of specialized computer chips. With hundreds of thousands of miles of fiber connecting every chip and computer together, the entire complex will form one giant machine intended just for

At Amazon's Biggest Data Center, Everything Is Supersized for A.I

A year ago, a 1,200-acre stretch of farmland outside New Carlisle, Ind., was an empty cornfield. Now, seven Amazon data centers rise up from the rich soil, each larger than a football stadium. Over the next several years, Amazon plans to build around 30 data centers at the site, packed with hundreds of thousands of specialized computer chips. With hundreds of thousands of miles of fiber connecting every chip and computer together, the entire complex will form one giant machine intended just for

The AI complexity paradox: More productivity, more responsibilities

peepo/Getty Images Does artificial intelligence (AI) make working life easier or complicated? Experts suggest the answer depends on the context. In a recent IDC-hosted interview, SIAC CEO Toni Townes-Whitley described AI as the ultimate weapon against system complexity, noting that her company is employing AI to reduce tech complexity in some of the most complex technology environments on the planet -- within the US Department of Defense. Also: Amazon's Andy Jassy says AI will take some jobs

Amazon Is Building a Gigantic Computing Facility to Match the Human Brain

But to what end? Fields of Data Indiana's newest cash crop isn't soybeans or corn; it's AI data centers — lots and lots of AI data centers. The New York Times reports that Amazon is building a vast complex of AI infrastructure facilities on top of 1,200 acres of former cropland, all meant for startup Anthropic's project to build an AI model that is as powerful, complex — and, just possibly, as intelligent — as the human brain. To that end, Amazon has constructed seven data centers on site, w

Primitive Kolmogorov complexity is computable

/ 5 min read This post is mostly AI generated, of course with significant guidance, feedback, iteration and some edits from me. There was little for me to gain writing this myself, but I felt it needed to be written down regardless. Kolmogorov complexity and Solomonoff's theory of inductive inference offer formal, theoretical solutions to measuring complexity and forming predictions. However, both are uncomputable, a fact that is often treated as having significant implications in computabilit

Augmented Vertex Block Descent (AVBD)

Augmented Vertex Block Descent (AVBD) Vertex Block Descent is a fast physics-based simulation method that is unconditionally stable, highly parallelizable, and capable of converging to the implicit Euler solution. We extend it using an augmented Lagrangian formulation to address some of its fundamental limitations. First, we introduce a mechanism to handle hard constraints with infinite stiffness without introducing numerical instabilities. Second, we substantially improve the convergence in th

Meta-analysis of three different notions of software complexity

A meta-analysis of three different notions of software complexity I want to discuss three different notions of software complexity: Rich Hickey’s notion of complexity, as explained in his talk Simple Made Easy. John Ousterhout’s notion of complexity, as explained in his book A Philosophy of Software Design. Zach Tellman’s notion of complexity, as explained in his newsletter Explaining Software Design. I’ve picked these three because I’ve found them to be at least somewhat coherent, and the

Powering next-gen services with AI in regulated industries

For many, the “last mile” of the end-to-end customer journey can present a challenge. Services at this stage often involve much more complex interactions than the usual app or self-service portal can handle. This could be dealing with a challenging health diagnosis, addressing late mortgage payments, applying for government benefits, or understanding the lifestyle you can afford in retirement. “When we get into these more complex service needs, there’s a real bias toward human interaction,” says