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Identity Types

Previously: Models of (Dependent) Type Theory. There is a deep connection between mathematics and programming. Computer programs deal with such mathematical objects as numbers, vectors, monoids, functors, algebras, and many more. We can implement such structures in most programming languages. For instance, here’s the definition of natural numbers in Haskell: data Nat where Z :: Nat -- zero S :: Nat -> Nat -- successor There is a problem, though, with encoding the laws that they are supposed t

Income Equality in Nordic Countries: Myths, Facts, and Lessons

Abstract Policymakers, public commentators, and researchers often cite the Nordic countries as examples of a socioeconomic model that combines low income inequality with prosperity and growth. This article critically assesses that claim by integrating theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence to explain how the Nordic model functions and why these countries experience low inequality. Our analysis suggests that income equality in the Nordics is largely driven by a significant compression of

The equality delete problem in Apache Iceberg

The Equality Delete Problem in Apache Iceberg Yingjun Wu 9 min read · 14 hours ago 14 hours ago -- Listen Share Press enter or click to view image in full size Since last year, Apache Iceberg has been one of the hottest topics in the data infrastructure world. Databricks recently spent $1 billion to acquire Neon, a startup building a serverless Postgres. Snowflake also spent about $250 million to acquire Crunchy Data, a veteran enterprise-grade Postgres provider. These are not random acquisi

The Equality Delete Problem in Apache Iceberg

The Equality Delete Problem in Apache Iceberg Yingjun Wu 9 min read · 6 hours ago 6 hours ago -- Listen Share Press enter or click to view image in full size Since last year, Apache Iceberg has been one of the hottest topics in the data infrastructure world. Databricks recently spent $1 billion to acquire Neon, a startup building a serverless Postgres. Snowflake also spent about $250 million to acquire Crunchy Data, a veteran enterprise-grade Postgres provider. These are not random acquisiti