This work was supported by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) under contract HDTRA1-19-1-0011 and HDTRA1-24-1-0012, the US Department of Defense (DOD) under contract W911NF-13-1-0232 through the Army Research Office (ARO) and the National Science Foundation under contract DMR- 2104443 and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (grant no. G-2021-16757). T.J. and A.A-K. thank the support from the National Science Foundation under EFRI E3P Award Number 2132025. We thank E. Dailing in the Molecular Foundry at the LBNL for assistance with gel permeation chromatograph measurements, and C. Citek in the Catalysis Laboratory at the LBNL for assistance with stopped-flow experiments. Work at the Molecular Foundry, Catalysis Laboratory, and ALS was supported by the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the US Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231. We thank H. Celik, R. Giovine and the Core NMR Facility of Pines Magnetic Resonance Center (PMRC Core) for spectroscopic assistance. The instruments used in this work were supported by the PMRC Core and in part supported by NIH S10OD024998. The ERP Spectroscopy experiments were supported by NIH R35GM126961. We thank the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, under award no. DE-SC0024447, for its support of neutron scattering and molecular simulation work. This work used resources at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) and Spallation Neutron Source, a DOE Office of Science User Facility operated by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. SANS studies performed on the CG-3 instrument are funded by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research, U.S. Department of Energy under Contract FWP ERKP291. This work was partially supported by the Director, Office of Sciences, and the Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Bioscience of the US Department of Energy at LBNL (grant no. DE-AC02-05CH11231). Access to HFBS was provided by the Center for High Resolution Neutron Scattering, a partnership between the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the National Science Foundation under agreement no. DMR-2010792. We thank M. Tyagi for the assistance with neutron experiments and the support of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, US Department of Commerce, in providing neutron research facilities used in this work. A.G. was partially supported by National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-2146752. T.J. was partially supported by the Chyn Duoq Shiah Memorial Fellowship. P.G was partially supported by the MIT Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP). A.A-K. was partially supported by the Michael and Sonja Koerner Chair. T.X. thanks the dear late colleague Phillip Geissler for encouraging discussions back in 2020.