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Cryptanalysis

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Study finds Voynich Manuscript's pages are likely misordered

Researchers analyzing the mysterious Voynich Manuscript have concluded that its current page sequence is probably incorrect, based on physical and structural evidence in the document. The finding implies that the binding or arrangement seen today does not reflect the manuscript's original order.

Amateurs use AI models to crack decades-old Enigma-era ciphers

Non-expert enthusiasts, including a product development coach named Carter Leffen, are using large language models such as GPT-6 Astra to decode historical encrypted messages, including a German army Enigma cipher that had remained unsolved for 85 years. The AI systems deploy decryption algorithms and search online for supporting historical records, allowing users without cryptography training to attempt and sometimes succeed at codebreaking tasks.

OpenAI's Astra and Anthropic's Opus decode previously unsolved WWII Enigma messages

Developer Carter Leffen used OpenAI's Astra model to locate and decrypt an Enigma-encoded message that had remained unsolved since 2005, with the model conducting its own archival research and building a simulator of the Enigma machine. Cryptology researcher Frode Weirerud, who maintains a database of unbroken Enigma messages, independently verified the solution and called it 'awe' inspiring. Anthropic's Opus model reportedly cracked a separate long-unsolved message as well.

Carter Leffer uses OpenAI's GPT-6 Astra to crack 1941 Enigma message unsolved since 2005

Researcher Carter Leffer submitted a decryption of the German Army Enigma message MVUEH, sent 10 July 1941 and logged by an SS-Totenkopf radio unit, which had remained unbroken since 2005. The AI-assisted break, using OpenAI's GPT-6 Astra, revealed a completely different key setup—including a different wheel order—than other messages from that day, yet produced plaintext nearly identical to a previously solved message, Nr. 173 (SIPVX). Analysis of the newly recovered key also uncovered transcription errors in the original ciphertext and pinpointed the exact letter at which the Enigma machine's left wheel turned over.