GoKawiilRetro gaming retrospective traces console graphics from fixed-function chips to Xbox's 2001 PC GPU
For more than twenty years, home consoles relied on dedicated, fixed-function graphics chips rather than general-purpose processors. The NES, for instance, used the Ricoh 2C02 Picture Processing Unit, which could not run code but instead converted cartridge tile art and memory lookup tables into a TV signal line by line, with a hard cap of eight sprites per scanline causing visible flicker in games like Super Mario Bros. This era ended in November 2001 when Microsoft released the original Xbox, built around an Intel Pentium III CPU and an NVIDIA graphics chip derived from the GeForce 3, the first GPU to support programmable pixel and vertex shaders.