GoKawiilUSGS documents 2023 Kilauea fountain eruptions with dense sensor network
Researchers at the US Geological Survey report detailed observations of lava fountaining episodes at Hawaii's Kilauea volcano, gathered using 35 monitoring stations tracking seismic activity, gas emissions, and thermal imagery. The study notes that since a 2018 eruption drained a reservoir, inflation rates accelerated from 22 cm a year starting in 2019 to 57 cm a year by 2023, spreading to a nearby caldera.