GoKawiilStudy finds synchronized minute-by-minute pattern in power grid frequency
Researchers analyzed frequency time-series data from the Continental European power grid by splitting it into hourly chunks and averaging to reveal a recurring 'waveform' pattern within each minute. They found frequency is typically highest at the start of each minute and then declines for several seconds to half a minute, with the pattern's amplitude varying by time of day but its basic shape remaining stable across hours, days, and multiple grid systems.