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Implementing a functional language with graph reduction (2021)

Implementing a Functional Language with Graph Reduction Posted on December 27, 2021 by Thomas Mahler Abstract Implementing a small functional language with a classic combinator based graph-reduction machine in Haskell. The implementation is structured into three parts: A λ-calculus parser from A Combinatory Compiler which was extended to cover a tiny functional language based on the untyped λ-calculus. A compiler from λ-calculus to combinatory logic combinators (S,K,I,B,C and Y) which i

Implementing a Functional Language with Graph Reduction

Implementing a Functional Language with Graph Reduction Posted on December 27, 2021 by Thomas Mahler Abstract Implementing a small functional language with a classic combinator based graph-reduction machine in Haskell. The implementation is structured into three parts: A λ-calculus parser from A Combinatory Compiler which was extended to cover a tiny functional language based on the untyped λ-calculus. A compiler from λ-calculus to combinatory logic combinators (S,K,I,B,C and Y) which i

Quantum Scientists Have Built a New Math of Cryptography

Hard problems are usually not a welcome sight. But cryptographers love them. That’s because certain hard math problems underpin the security of modern encryption. Any clever trick for solving them will doom most forms of cryptography. Several years ago, researchers found a radically new approach to encryption that lacks this potential weak spot. The approach exploits the peculiar features of quantum physics. But unlike earlier quantum encryption schemes, which only work for a few special tasks,

When photography was born, fascination, obsession, and danger followed

The prevalence of photography in contemporary life has inspired a lot of griping about the supposedly unprecedented narcissism of our social-media-driven culture. We are continually encouraged to live in the moment instead of through our cameras, scolded for our pursuit of a flattering selfie or an aesthetic backdrop that will draw eyes — and engagement — to our photos and ourselves. But this obsession is nothing new. From nearly the first moment it became possible to capture an image from life

Graphene OS: a security-enhanced Android build

Graphene OS: a security-enhanced Android build [LWN subscriber-only content] Welcome to LWN.net The following subscription-only content has been made available to you by an LWN subscriber. Thousands of subscribers depend on LWN for the best news from the Linux and free software communities. If you enjoy this article, please consider subscribing to LWN. Thank you for visiting LWN.net! People tend to put a lot of trust into their phones. Those devices have access to no end of sensitive data abou

You can finally run Doom and other graphical apps in Android’s Linux Terminal

Mishaal Rahman / Android Authority TL;DR Android’s Linux Terminal app can now run graphical Linux apps in the latest Canary build, a major step forward for the feature. A new “Display” button launches a graphical environment, letting users run full desktop apps that aren’t available on Android. Hardware acceleration can also be enabled for better performance, paving the way for running even more powerful Linux software and games. The Linux Terminal app that Google introduced earlier this yea

Cops say criminals use a Google Pixel with GrapheneOS – I say that's freedom

Calvin Wankhede / Android Authority Police in Spain have reportedly started profiling people based on their phones; specifically, and surprisingly, those carrying Google Pixel devices. Law enforcement officials in Catalonia say they associate Pixels with crime because drug traffickers are increasingly turning to these phones. But it’s not Google’s secure Titan M2 chip that has criminals favoring the Pixel — instead, it’s GrapheneOS, a privacy-focused alternative to the default Pixel OS. As som

A media company demanded a license fee for an Open Graph image I used

22nd July 2025 I displayed an open graph image and had to pay how much?! A media company demanded a license fee for an Open Graph image used on my twitter archive. I gave in and paid it, but what does that mean for open graph images and copyright? In April 2025, I received an email from an image licensing company (hereby "licensor") regarding an image used on my twitter archive. That image was owned by them, but used as the Open Graph image for a news article. They demanded I purchase a licen

Facts don't change minds, structure does

In 1633, Galileo Galilei stood before the Inquisition, not for inventing a radical new theory, but for proposing a straightforward idea: that the Earth moves around the Sun. This wasn’t even a new suggestion—Greek astronomers like Aristarchus had floated the heliocentric model centuries earlier. But in Galileo’s time, the idea ran into an insurmountable obstacle. We often chalk up the Church’s resistance to superstition or ignorance. While that played a role, there was something deeper at work.

Why Facts Don't Change Minds–Structure Does (A Systems Analysis of Belief)

In 1633, Galileo Galilei stood before the Inquisition, not for inventing a radical new theory, but for proposing a straightforward idea: that the Earth moves around the Sun. This wasn’t even a new suggestion—Greek astronomers like Aristarchus had floated the heliocentric model centuries earlier. But in Galileo’s time, the idea ran into an insurmountable obstacle. We often chalk up the Church’s resistance to superstition or ignorance. While that played a role, there was something deeper at work.

VSCO’s iPhone camera app is now available globally

Photo editing and sharing app VSCO is making its iOS camera app, Capture, available across the world, following a limited launch in June, when the app could be downloaded only in Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. VSCO also said it is acquiring The Freelance Photographer, which provides a mix of online and offline workshops for studying photography and videography. “There’s a clear gap in the market for business education and industry-specific guidance for emerging photography professionals w

Make Map Icons with Orthographic Projections

An orthographic projection is the best approximation of a view of the earth from space. It’s an azimuthal perspective projection which creates an illusion of a three-dimensional globe. It’s an old projection, believed to have first been developed by the Ancient Egyptians and Greeks. In our time this perspective feels natural since our culture has assimilated how our planet looks from a spacecraft. A good example is Earth’s first portrait, taken from Apollo 8 mission astronauts in 1968: This pr

Gaming Laptops Have a Secret Weapon Against Desktop PCs, and It Looks a Lot Like the Switch 2

I want a future where we don’t need a desktop PC to get the best gaming graphics. Maybe I’m a dreamer who needs to keep on dreaming, but I think that that pie-in-the-sky wonderland is closer to reality than you may think, and all PC component makers need to do is hop on the eGPU train. Better yet, they need to make something that’s as easily dockable as a Switch 2, but with the added power of a discrete graphics card that could push a laptop or gaming handheld into a full desktop experience. Th

I was wrong about robots.txt

Recently, I wrote an article about my journey in learning about robots.txt and its implications on the data rights in regards to what I write in my blog. I was confident that I wanted to ban all the crawlers from my website. Turned out there was an unintended consequence that I did not account for. My LinkedIn posts became broken# Ever since I changed my robots.txt file, I started seeing that my LinkedIn posts no longer had the preview of the article available. I was not sure what the issue wa

Show HN: Timep – a next-gen profiler and flamegraph-generator for bash code

timep timep is an efficient and state-of-the-art trap-based time profiler for bash code. timep generates a per-command execution time profile for the bash code being profiled. As it generates this profile, timep logs command runtimes+metadata hierarchically based on both function and subshell nesting depth, mapping and recreating the complete full call-stack tree for the bash code being profiled. BUILTIN FLAMEGRAPH GENERATOR: One standout feature of timep is that, in addition to the time profi

The FIPS 140-3 Go Cryptographic Module

The FIPS 140-3 Go Cryptographic Module Filippo Valsorda (Geomys), Daniel McCarney (Geomys), and Roland Shoemaker (Google) 15 July 2025 FIPS 140 is a standard for cryptography implementations and, although it doesn’t necessarily improve security, FIPS 140 compliance is a requirement in certain regulated environments that are increasingly adopting Go. Until now, FIPS 140 compliance has been a significant source of friction for Go users, requiring unsupported solutions with safety, developer exp

Edward Burtynsky's monumental chronicle of the human impact on the planet

If there was one absence in Burtynsky’s account of our time, however, it was the single greatest result of all that mining, burning, and consuming: the transformation of the atmosphere. Nothing else comes close in scale to the chemical disruption of the air—the flood of CO 2 now rapidly overheating the Earth and producing a series of changes so titanic they dwarf even the forces that these photos depict. But carbon dioxide is invisible, which is a problem for photographers. That’s why in some w

Cops say criminals use a Google Pixel with GrapheneOS — I say that’s freedom

Calvin Wankhede / Android Authority Police in Spain have reportedly started profiling people based on their phones; specifically, and surprisingly, those carrying Google Pixel devices. Law enforcement officials in Catalonia say they associate Pixels with crime because drug traffickers are increasingly turning to these phones. But it’s not Google’s secure Titan M2 chip that has criminals favoring the Pixel — instead, it’s GrapheneOS, a privacy-focused alternative to the default Pixel OS. As som

Stone–Wales Transformations

Buckminsterfullerene is a molecule shaped like a soccer ball, made of 60 carbon atoms. If one of the bonds between two hexagons rotates, we get a weird mutant version of this molecule: This is an example of a Stone-Wales transformation: a 90° rotation in a so-called ‘π bond’ between carbon atoms. Here’s how it works in graphene: Graphene is a sheet of carbon molecules arranged in hexagons. When they undergo a Stone–Wales transformation, we get a Stone–Wales defect with two pentagons and two he

Revolutionizing Compliance: The Promise of Graph RAG-Based Large Language Models

Ensuring regulatory compliance is a high-stakes challenge across industries. Banks, payroll processors, and legal firms alike grapple with complex rules and massive data — and the consequences of failure are severe. In 2024, U.S. regulators fined Citigroup $136 million for falling short in fixing data management issues flagged years prior [1]. In another case, nine Wall Street companies paid $549 million in penalties after employees used unauthorized messaging apps that breached recordkeeping ru

The 32 Best Deals at Walmart’s Competing Prime Day Sale

Amazon Prime Day isn't just Amazon; competitors get in on the action, too. We found plenty of great Walmart deals on many of our favorite tech items, like Apple laptops, Sony televisions, Garmin fitness trackers, and more. WIRED only recommends deals on products we’ve tested and approved, and which are actually discounted. If you’re looking for up-to-the-minute coverage of deals, check out our Amazon Prime Day liveblog, which will run from 5 am to midnight daily. Looking elsewhere? Here are the

The FBI Is Using Polygraphs to Test Officials' Loyalty

Typically, the F.B.I. has turned to polygraph tests to sniff out employees who might have betrayed their country or shown they cannot be trusted with secrets. Since Kash Patel took office as the director of the F.B.I., the bureau has significantly stepped up the use of the lie-detector test, at times subjecting personnel to a question as specific as whether they have cast aspersions on Mr. Patel himself. In interviews and polygraph tests, the F.B.I. has asked senior employees whether they have

The 27 Best Deals at Walmart’s Competing Prime Day Sale

Amazon Prime Day isn't just Amazon, competitors get in on the action too. We found plenty of great Walmart deals on many of our favorite tech items, like Apple laptops, Sony televisions, Garmin fitness trackers, and more. WIRED only recommends deals on products we’ve actually tested and approved, and which are actually discounted. If you’re looking for up-to-the-minute coverage of deals, check out our Amazon Prime Day liveblog, which will run from 5 am to midnight daily. Looking elsewhere? Here

The 27 Best Deals at Walmart's Competing Prime Day Sale

Amazon Prime Day isn't just Amazon, competitors get in on the action too. We found plenty of great Walmart deals on many of our favorite tech items, like Apple laptops, Sony televisions, Garmin fitness trackers, and more. WIRED only recommends deals on products we’ve actually tested and approved, and which are actually discounted. If you’re looking for up-to-the-minute coverage of deals, check out our Amazon Prime Day liveblog, which will run from 5 am to midnight daily. Looking elsewhere? Here

Hyundai Reveals the ‘Lightspeed’ Ioniq 6 N

Following the success of its ridiculously entertaining Ioniq 5 N in 2024, Hyundai is clearly hoping it can repeat the trick by applying its speedy sub-brand's knowhow to its streamliner sibling—the result revealed today is this, the Ioniq 6 N, Hyundai's second high-performance EV. Being born from the brand's N division, which is tasked with focusing on delivering a combination of cornering prowess and racetrack capability to supposedly create accessible “everyday” sportscars, you'd expect the 6

100 Best Prime Day Deals Under $100 (2025): LifeStraws, Tech, and More

Prime Day can be overwhelming, especially when trying to find more affordable items to fill your shopping cart with. We're here to help. These are the best Prime Day deals under $100, from smartwatches to LifeStraws. Interested in finding more great deals? Be sure to check out our full list of the Best Prime Day Deals and find highlights in our Prime Day liveblog. Updated July 9: We've added deals on the Logitech G203 mouse, Anker 5-in-1 hub, SanDisk Extreme Pro, Anker Laptop Power Bank, TP-Li

Best Prime Day Deals Under $100 (2025): LifeStraws, Tech, and More

Prime Day can be overwhelming, especially when trying to find more affordable items to fill your shopping cart with. We're here to help. These are the best Prime Day deals under $100, from smartwatches to LifeStraws. Interested in finding more great deals? Be sure to check out our full list of the Absolute Best Prime Day Deals and find highlights in our Prime Day liveblog. WIRED Featured Deals Amazon Echo Deals Tech Deals Photograph: Ugreen Ugreen 145W Power Bank $100 $70 (30% off) Amazon T

12 Best Kids Headphones (2025), Hearing Protection and More

Protect Those Headphones Satechi 2-in-1 Headphone Stand Photograph: Julian Chokkattu Even durable headphones are easy to damage. We have lost pairs to folks standing on them, cats and robot vacuums attacking the cables, and chairs rolling over them. I have learned that a stand or holder is worth the investment if it keeps those cans off the floor. Even if your kids only sometimes remember to use it, that could extend the likely lifespan of their headphones. We use the Satechi 2-in-1 Headphone