GoKawiilMSI interrupt mode explained: why it steadies GPU performance, not speed
MSI (Message Signaled Interrupts) lets a device like a GPU notify the CPU of an interrupt by writing to a memory address rather than fighting for space on a shared physical hardware line. Windows 10 and 11 default to MSI-X, an expanded version introduced with PCI 3.0 in 2010, whenever a device supports it. This approach labels each interrupt with its source, avoiding the collisions that can occur on crowded shared IRQ lines.