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I built a large language model "from scratch"

news.ycombinator.com Unknown 2025-06-11 17:14:41

A developer's journey through building an LLM from scratch, sharing key insights about tokenization, training, and the learning process of mastering AI fundamentals. Building a large language model from scratch# I’m a machine learning / A.I. hobbyist. The technologies fascinate me, and I can’t seem to learn enough about them. Sebastian Raschka’s book, Build a Large Language Model (From Scratch) caught my eye. I don’t recall how I stumbled on it, but I found it when it was still in early access

Topics: book model text training word

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"Ensuring Accountability for All Agencies" – Executive Order

news.ycombinator.com Executive Order 2025-06-11 03:49:46

Presidential Actions Ensuring Accountability for All Agencies By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered: Section 1. Policy and Purpose. The Constitution vests all executive power in the President and charges him with faithfully executing the laws. Since it would be impossible for the President to single-handedly perform all the executive business of the Federal Government, the Constitution also provides for

Topics: agencies executive president regulatory shall

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Relaxed Radix Balanced Trees (2024)

news.ycombinator.com Unknown 2025-06-11 13:05:10

Relaxed Radix Balanced Trees I’m adding immutable vectors to my language, Ivan, and needed to pick a suitable data structure to implement them. Clojure uses Persistent Vectors (PVs) which support lookups, updates, and appends all in ‘effectively’ constant time. However, it doesn’t have efficient insert or merge operations. Relaxed Radix Balanced (RRB) Trees, introduced by Bagwell and Rompf in 2011, address this shortcoming. I had to read a few different papers to properly understand how they w

Topics: items node nodes slot slots

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Broken legs and ankles heal better if you walk on them within weeks

news.ycombinator.com Lydia Denworth 2025-06-11 10:36:06

Twenty years ago my husband, Mark, broke his left ankle and was in a cast and on crutches for nearly two months. Last year he broke the other ankle. But this time, after surgery, his doctor surprised us by instructing Mark to walk on it two weeks later. It turns out the standard advice to stay off a broken leg bone for at least six weeks is based less on scientific evidence and more on cultural caution—physicians like to play it safe. But now studies show that complications are no more likely w

Topics: bearing bone early weeks weight

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Build your own SQLite in Rust, Part 5: Evaluating queries

news.ycombinator.com Geoffrey Copin 2025-06-11 18:32:18

In the previous posts, we've explored the SQLite file format and built a simple SQL parser. It's time to put these pieces together and implement a query evaluator! In this post, we'll lay the groundwork for evaluating SQL queries and build a query evaluator that can handle basic SELECT statements. While our initial implementation won't support filtering, sorting, grouping, or joins yet, it will give us the foundation to add these features in future posts. As usual, the complete source code for

Topics: db let operator page self

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Malaysia is betting on data centers to boost its economy

news.ycombinator.com Ghosal Covers The Intersection Of Business 2025-06-11 17:20:01

JOHOR BAHRU, Malaysia (AP) — Winson Lau has always had contingency plans. But he wasn’t prepared for data centers. Lau relies on water and electricity to operate his thriving export business in Malaysia’s Johor province, where he raises a kaleidoscope of tropical fish in rows of aquariums, including albino fish with red spots that can fetch up to $10,000 from collectors. His contingency plans in the event of an outage involve an intricate system of purifying wastewater through friendly bacteria

Topics: ap centers data johor malaysia

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1972 Unix V2 "Beta" Resurrected

news.ycombinator.com Unknown 2025-06-11 17:41:07

[TUHS] 1972 UNIX V2 "Beta" Resurrected Hi everyone, First-time poster here. Near the end of last year, I did some forensic analysis on the DMR tapes (https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Applications/Dennis_Tapes) and had some fun playing around with them. Warren forwarded a few of my emails to this list at the end of last year and the beginning of this year, but it was never my intention for him to be my messenger, so I'm posting here myself now. Here's an update on my work with the s1/s2 tapes - I've

Topics: 00 jan root sdrwrw unix

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Marvel at the Ships, Suits, and Tech of Bong Joon Ho’s Mickey 17

gizmodo.com Germain Lussier 2025-06-11 15:15:53

So how, exactly, do you make a new human? No, sicko. We don’t mean that. We mean in the context of Bong Joon Ho’s latest, Mickey 17. In the film, Robert Pattinson plays Mickey, a human “expendable” who is brought back to life, over and over, after he dies. How does that work? A new book shows you, in more ways than one. Mickey is brought back to life via a human printer, which is exactly what it sounds like. A giant printer that, instead of pieces of paper, prints out humans. It’s one of severa

Topics: 17 book film joon mickey

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RFK Jr. Wastes No Time Revisiting Childhood Vaccine Policies

gizmodo.com Ed Cara 2025-06-11 16:25:25

Well that didn’t take long. Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the just-enshrined director of the Department of Health and Human Services, has already signaled that he may try to change the country’s vaccination schedule for children. RFK Jr. made the remarks during his speech at a ceremony held on Tuesday welcoming him as the new HHS secretary. He announced that he would form a commission to study the childhood vaccine schedule as a possible factor for the increase of chronic diseases in Americans, among

Topics: cassidy jr kennedy rfk vaccine

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US Soldier Accused of Verizon and AT&T Hacks Pleads Guilty

gizmodo.com Aj Dellinger 2025-06-11 17:40:30

Cameron John Wagenius, a former US Army soldier, pleaded guilty to his role in a hack that affected AT&T and Verizon and resulted in the theft of data from well over 100 million customers of the companies, according to TechCrunch. Wagenius, a 20-year-old stationed in Texas, copped to two counts of “unlawful transfer of confidential phone records information” and will face a fine of up to $250,000 and up to 10 years in prison for each of the charges. Wagenius was taken into custody last year aft

Topics: able access data hack wagenius

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Big Tech Hijacked Steve Bannon’s Movement

gizmodo.com Matthew Gault 2025-06-11 17:50:32

Steve Bannon is out and Elon Musk is in. A man who once had an office and a whiteboard in the White House now has a podcast. It’s not nothing, but it’s not an extra-governmental agency that has access to the backend systems that make America run and hum. Banon was once the darling of right-wing media and the world’s preeminent Trump whisperer. Now he’s “Sloppy Steve,” Musk is sitting next to Trump during interviews, and Bannon says he’s ready for war. And while Bannon whines, Musk is opening th

Topics: bannon just musk said trump

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This Logitech HD Webcam Hits Its Lowest Price, Over 10K Sold in Recent Months on Amazon

gizmodo.com Brittany Vincent 2025-06-11 17:25:29

When you spent most of your time working online or at a remote job, a reliable webcam isn’t just a luxury, it’s essential. The Logitech C920x HD Pro has long been the gold standard for affordable quality, delivering professional-grade video that makes you look your best whether you’re in a business meeting or catching up with family. Amazon has dropped the price of the C920x to just $50, down from its usual $70 at Amazon. That’s a solid $20 (29%) savings on what’s widely considered the benchmar

Topics: amazon c920x professional video webcam

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NASA Captures Devastating Tennessee Floods From Space After Winter Storm Drenches Region

gizmodo.com Isaac Schultz 2025-06-11 17:25:42

A large winter storm system that moved across the East Coast over the weekend caused serious floods in Tennessee and Kentucky, as seen in newly released NASA satellite images. The images show the Mississippi River’s serpentine path in western Tennessee and eastern Arkansas and Missouri. They also show the rivers and water bodies east of the Mississippi—in Tennessee—inundated by up to 6 inches (15 centimeters) of rain over a 48-hour period. A state of emergency was declared in Tennessee after a

Topics: flood images kentucky tennessee water

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Now We Know Exactly When The Last of Us Season 2 Is Coming

gizmodo.com James Whitbrook 2025-06-11 17:45:12

It’s been a couple years waiting for the return of HBO’s seminal adaptation of Naughty Dog’s post-apocalyptic, cinematic trauma simulator The Last of Us—not unlike waiting for the next chapter in a video game saga. But now, after a long, long time, we finally know: The Last of Us is back April 13. In a new press release HBO confirmed that the seven-episode sophomore season will begin just a couple of months from now in the 9 p.m. ET/PT slot on the cable network on Sunday, April 13, with episode

Topics: game ii know long season

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Elon’s DOGE Claimed It Saved $8 Billion. The Real Figure Was $8 Million.

gizmodo.com Lucas Ropek 2025-06-11 17:55:35

Elon Musk’s Department of Government Efficiency claims to be fighting the scourge of government “waste” and fraud and, this week, DOGE claimed that it had already saved taxpayers tens of billions of dollars. However, in an ironic twist, it would appear that the claims being made by Musk and DOGE about their own activities appear to be, themselves, fraudulent. Despite recently claiming that it had already saved Americans $55 billion, the information on DOGE’s website only accounts for $16 billio

Topics: billion doge government musk savings

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Trump’s Pick for NASA Chief Hints at Expected Shift Toward Mars

gizmodo.com Adam Kovac 2025-06-11 18:25:06

If Jared Isaacman becomes NASA’s administrator, as he’s likely to do, the agency will prioritize Mars over the Moon under the Trump administration, judging by some of his first public comments on the matter. Jared Isaacman has been active on social media since Trump named him as his choice to become the U.S. space agency’s next administrator, which he did in early December. But the astronaut mostly stuck to posting about flying planes, his payments company Shift4, and retweeting images of space

Topics: future isaacman mars nasa space

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What It Took to Bring Those Viral Star Trek Short Films to Life

gizmodo.com James Whitbrook 2025-06-11 18:30:52

In the past few years, there’s been plenty of Star Trek to talk about—new shows starting, older shows coming to their ends, the franchise’s future on screens big and small alike (although not always entirely successfully). But for some Trek diehards, a peculiar string of numbers is all that has been on their lips: 765874. That number—the purported Starfleet serial number of Yeoman J. M. Colt from the original Star Trek pilot episode “The Cage”—is the title that has been given to a series of sho

Topics: baena kirk star trek unification

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6 Things We Liked, and 4 We Didn’t, About Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man

gizmodo.com Isaiah Colbert 2025-06-11 19:15:04

While the jury is still out on whether or not Marvel is “back” after the mixed reception of the not-so-brave and not-so-new Captain America film, things are continuing on the upswing in the animation department. Marvel Animation’s latest romp, Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, has been must-watch weekly television on Disney+. This is saying a lot since it’s been vying for comic book fans’ attention by streaming against the likes of Prime Video’s Invincible season three. Amid the long-stand

Topics: friendly like man neighborhood spider

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It’s Time to Plan Your Summerween Visit to Las Vegas’ Universal Horror Unleashed

gizmodo.com Sabina Graves 2025-06-11 20:00:26

Tickets are now on sale for Universal Horror Unleashed, opening this summer in Las Vegas’ immersive entertainment hub AREA15. The Universal Destinations and Experiences satellite interactive station brings Halloween Horror Nights to a year-round venue just off the Strip with monsters in tow beginning August 14, hot off the heels of Epic Universe’s opening. The attraction’s first major featured franchises include the Universal Monsters, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, The Exorcist: Believer, and a H

Topics: hhn horror monsters studios universal

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Asteroid's Chances of Smacking Earth Increase. Here's What to Know

cnet.com Amanda Kooser 2025-06-11 15:10:00

It's not great news, but don't panic: Astronomers spotted an asteroid that has a roughly 3.1% chance of impacting Earth on Dec. 22, 2032. Space agencies are monitoring the newly discovered asteroid and still learning more about its size and path, so don't mark your calendar for doomsday just yet. Although the odds of the asteroid hitting Earth have increased recently, that number is not set in stone. There's still a lot to learn about the space rock. Designated 2024 YR4, the asteroid was first

Topics: 2024 asteroid impact nasa yr4

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Best Internet Providers in Missouri City, Texas

cnet.com Hallie Seltzer 2025-06-11 15:24:00

What is the best internet provider in Missouri City? Xfinity is the best internet service provider in Missouri City, Texas, according to our CNET experts. Xfinity offers the widest broadband availability in this Texas town, serving over 99% of households, according to the Federal Communications Commission. Plus, this cable giant comes with low prices, speeds up to 2 gigabits and free equipment on most plans. Other ISPs, such as T-Mobile Home Internet, Frontier Fiber and AT&T, also serve select

Topics: city fiber internet missouri provider

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These Are 27 of the Best TV Shows on Netflix That Won't Disappoint

cnet.com Abrar Al-Heeti 2025-06-11 16:57:19

Netflix has become a reliable platform for dating shows with a twist, like Love Is Blind, the one where you have to get engaged immediately, or Too Hot To Handle, the one where everyone has to be celibate. On the Japanese series Is She The Wolf? the big twist is more along the lines of The Traitors or The Mole: Planted among all of the legitimate contestants searching for love is a decoy. In the very first episode, you learn that one woman brought on the show is not allowed to fall in love, and

Topics: fall japanese love twist wolf

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Apple's New iPhone 16E Launch Could Be Its Most Important in 2025

cnet.com Mike Sorrentino 2025-06-11 17:23:00

Apple's $599 iPhone 16E is the biggest refresh ever for the company's lower-cost phone, formerly called the iPhone SE, and it couldn't arrive at a better time. With generative AI requiring beefier specs, and US tariffs on imports from China possibly bringing an increase in costs, Apple's entry-level iPhone might provide enough new features to be worth the upgrade, even with its substantial $170 price bump over the $429 iPhone SE from 2022. Economic considerations aside, the iPhone 16E represent

Topics: 16e apple iphone phone se

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The Absolute Best Horror Movies on Hulu

cnet.com Meara Isenberg 2025-06-11 17:00:03

Hulu is packed with fascinating horror films. Before we get into a list of the absolute best options on the streaming service, let's cover some worthy alternates. Hulu is home to David Cronenberg's Crimes of the Future (2022) and Fede Álvarez's Alien: Romulus (2024). There's also black comedy slasher American Psycho (2000), twisty thriller Barbarian (2022) and romance-gone-wrong Fresh (2022). Finally, you should check out Cuckoo (2024), Humane (2024) and Immaculate (2024), starring Sydney Sween

Topics: 2022 2024 horror hulu movie

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'Bridgerton' Season 4 Dropped a Sneak Peek: How to Watch, and What to Know

cnet.com Gael Cooper 2025-06-11 17:29:00

Longing to slip back into the romantic world of Lady Whistledown and the breathtaking gowns, jewels and hairdos of Netflix's Bridgerton? Season 4 is in production, and Netflix released a sneak peek to tantalize fans of life in the 'Ton. The sneak peek doesn't spoil any major plotlines, but the scenes of the masquerade ball show off beautiful gowns and tantalizing masks. The series is based on Julia Quinn's best-selling novel series, where each of the eight Bridgerton children eventually get th

Topics: bridgerton fourth netflix queen season

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Today's NYT Connections Hints, Answers and Help for Feb. 20, #620

cnet.com Gael Cooper 2025-06-11 18:40:14

Looking for the most recent Connections answers? Click here for today's Connections hints, as well as our daily answers and hints for The New York Times Mini Crossword, Wordle, Connections: Sports Edition and Strands puzzles. Today's Connections puzzle could be tricky. But if you watch a certain Netflix show involving deadly children's games, you might see a connection that will lead you to solve the usually difficult purple group. Read on for clues and today's Connections answers. The Times n

Topics: answers connections group purple today

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Russia-aligned hackers are targeting Signal users with device-linking QR codes

arstechnica.com Unknown 2025-06-11 17:21:06

Signal, as an encrypted messaging app and protocol, remains relatively secure. But Signal's growing popularity as a tool to circumvent surveillance has led agents affiliated with Russia to try to manipulate the app's users into surreptitiously linking their devices, according to Google's Threat Intelligence Group. While Russia's continued invasion of Ukraine is likely driving the country's desire to work around Signal's encryption, "We anticipate the tactics and methods used to target Signal wi

Topics: devices google russia signal threat

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These Are the SpaceX Engineers Already Working Inside the FAA

wired.com Vittoria Elliott 2025-06-11 17:50:14

Engineers who work for Elon Musk’s SpaceX have been brought on as senior advisers to the acting administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), sources tell WIRED. On Sunday, Sean Duffy, secretary of the Department of Transportation, which oversees the FAA, announced in a post on X that SpaceX engineers would be visiting the Air Traffic Control System Command Center in Virginia to take what he positioned as a tour. “The safety of air travel is a nonpartisan matter,” Musk replied. “S

Topics: according engineers faa spacex worked

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Xbox Pushes Ahead With Muse, a New Generative AI Model. Devs Say ‘Nobody Will Want This’

wired.com Megan Farokhmanesh 2025-06-11 17:40:40

Microsoft is wading deeper into generative artificial intelligence for gaming with Muse, a new AI model announced today. The model, which was trained on Ninja Theory’s multiplayer game Bleeding Edge, can help Xbox game developers build parts of games, Microsoft says. Muse can understand the physics and 3D environment inside a game and generate visuals and reactions to players’ movements. Among the various use cases for Muse that Microsoft outlines in its announcement, perhaps the most intriguin

Topics: ai game games muse says

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There’s No Longer a Sub-$500 iPhone. Does It Matter?

wired.com Julian Chokkattu 2025-06-11 17:59:05

Yesterday, the cheapest iPhone cost $429 if you wanted to buy directly from Apple. Today? It's $599. The new iPhone 16e replaced the iPhone SE, giving the aging device a much-needed cosmetic upgrade and power boost, but it comes at a cost. The overhaul is so big that the iPhone 16e is essentially a new class of device in Apple's smartphone lineup, hence the name change. (Apple didn't say what the “e” stands for.) Apple also took this opportunity to cut the $599 iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Plus from

Topics: 15 16e apple iphone magsafe

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Latest Tech News

I built a large language model "from scratch"

"Ensuring Accountability for All Agencies" – Executive Order

Relaxed Radix Balanced Trees (2024)

Broken legs and ankles heal better if you walk on them within weeks

Build your own SQLite in Rust, Part 5: Evaluating queries

Malaysia is betting on data centers to boost its economy

1972 Unix V2 "Beta" Resurrected

Marvel at the Ships, Suits, and Tech of Bong Joon Ho’s Mickey 17

RFK Jr. Wastes No Time Revisiting Childhood Vaccine Policies

US Soldier Accused of Verizon and AT&T Hacks Pleads Guilty

Big Tech Hijacked Steve Bannon’s Movement

This Logitech HD Webcam Hits Its Lowest Price, Over 10K Sold in Recent Months on Amazon

NASA Captures Devastating Tennessee Floods From Space After Winter Storm Drenches Region

Now We Know Exactly When The Last of Us Season 2 Is Coming

Elon’s DOGE Claimed It Saved $8 Billion. The Real Figure Was $8 Million.

Trump’s Pick for NASA Chief Hints at Expected Shift Toward Mars

What It Took to Bring Those Viral Star Trek Short Films to Life

6 Things We Liked, and 4 We Didn’t, About Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man

It’s Time to Plan Your Summerween Visit to Las Vegas’ Universal Horror Unleashed

Asteroid's Chances of Smacking Earth Increase. Here's What to Know

Best Internet Providers in Missouri City, Texas

These Are 27 of the Best TV Shows on Netflix That Won't Disappoint

Apple's New iPhone 16E Launch Could Be Its Most Important in 2025

The Absolute Best Horror Movies on Hulu

'Bridgerton' Season 4 Dropped a Sneak Peek: How to Watch, and What to Know

Today's NYT Connections Hints, Answers and Help for Feb. 20, #620

Russia-aligned hackers are targeting Signal users with device-linking QR codes

These Are the SpaceX Engineers Already Working Inside the FAA

Xbox Pushes Ahead With Muse, a New Generative AI Model. Devs Say ‘Nobody Will Want This’

There’s No Longer a Sub-$500 iPhone. Does It Matter?

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