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Formal specs as sets of behaviors

Amazon’s recent announcement of their spec-driven AI tool, Kiro, inspired me to write a blog post on a completely unrelated topic: formal specifications. In particular, I wanted to write about how a formal specification is different from a traditional program. It took a while for this idea to really click in my own head, and I wanted to motivate some intuition here. In particular, there have been a number of formal specification tools that have been developed in recent years which use programmi

GPT might be an information virus (2023)

Obligatory: the views and opinions expressed in this post are my own and do not represent the views and opinions of my employer. In light of all the hype going around about ChatGPT, I wanted to offer my “hot take” on what the next 2-5 years of the web look like. One aspect of the rise of generative models that isn’t getting the right amount of attention is the long-term effects on the information economy. I think that being able to automatically produce arbitrary content that is indistinguisha

Prepare to Celebrate 60 Years of ‘Star Trek’ With Nacelle’s Nostalgic Figures

Star Trek turns 60 next year, and the franchise is preparing to celebrate in style, especially with a brand new show on the way in Starfleet Academy. But outside of streaming, you’ll be able to celebrate in style with Nacelle’s new line of Star Trek action figures, which will dedicate a whole wave to the original series next year—and io9 has your first up-close look at one of them. As previously (and exclusively) revealed by io9 this past Friday, the third wave of Nacelle’s Star Trek line is se

AI Is Taking Over Your Search Engine. Here's a Look Under the Hood

For decades, the way we find information on the internet changed only in small ways. Doing a traditional Google search today doesn't feel all that different from when, in the 1990s, you would Ask Jeeves. Sure, a lot has changed under the hood, the results are likely far more relevant and the interface has some new features, but you're still typing in keywords and getting a list of websites that might hold the answer. That way of searching, it seems, is starting to go the way of AltaVista, may i

Today's NYT Connections Hints, Answers and Help for July 28, #778

Looking for the most recent Connections answers? Click here for today's Connections hints, as well as our daily answers and hints for The New York Times Mini Crossword, Wordle, Connections: Sports Edition and Strands puzzles. Today's NYT Connections puzzle features another movie category, so cinema fans, dig in. Need more help? Read on for clues and today's Connections answers. The Times now has a Connections Bot, like the one for Wordle. Go there after you play to receive a numeric score and

Today's NYT Connections: Sports Edition Hints and Answers for July 28, #308

Looking for the most recent regular Connections answers? Click here for today's Connections hints, as well as our daily answers and hints for The New York Times Mini Crossword, Wordle and Strands puzzles. I learned enough during gym-class track days to ace today's Connections: Sports Edition green category. Need an assist with the game today? Read on for hints and the answers. Connections: Sports Edition is out of beta now, making its debut on Super Bowl Sunday, Feb. 9. That's a sign that the

Itch.io is the latest marketplace to crack down on adult games

Indie video game marketplace Itch.io announced this week that it has “deindexed” adult and not-safe-for-work games, removing them from its browse and search pages. The move, the company said, was in response to a campaign by Collective Shout (an advocacy group that has previously criticized video games, rap music, and lingerie commercials) targeting both Itch.io and Steam for selling “No Mercy,” a game that depicts rape and incest. In an open letter addressed to executives at PayPal, Mastercar

Computing’s Top 30: John Werner

What drives a master inventor? If it’s IBM’s John Werner, it’s both voracious curiosity and a passion for solving real-world problems. These dual drives have resulted in more than 270 patents filed and 139 issued—and in Werner’s being named an IBM Master Inventor in 2018. Today, Werner is a Senior Electromagnetic Compatibility and Product Safety Designer Engineer at IBM, where he specializes in compliance testing and thrives in what he calls the company’s “ecosystem of brilliant minds.” He is

Dumb Pipe

Connect A to B. Send Data. In 2023 it's hard to connect two devices directly. Dumb pipe punches through NATs, using on-the-fly node identifiers. It even keeps your machines connected as network conditions change. What you actually do with that connection is up to you.

DC Brought Green Arrow and a Fighting Tournament to Comic-Con

DC didn’t come to San Diego Comic-Con with any major movies on hand, but it did bring a TV show and some comics for the tri. On the comics side, the publisher shed more light on some recently revealed books, including DC KO starting in October. Written by Scott Snyder and drawn by Javier Fernandez, the limited series sees 32 fighters enter a tournament that’ll see the winner be strong enough to fight Darkseid in his new King Omega form. The fighters range from A-listers like Superman (using min

Your iPhone's Messages App Can Do Math. Here's How

Apple will release iOS 26 this fall, and it will bring Liquid Glass and more features to your iPhone. But iOS 18 upgrades your Messages app so that it can solve tricky equations without your Calculator app, and it doesn't need Google to look up conversion rates, either. Prior to iOS 18, if you wanted to figure out how to split a bill with your texting group from afar, you'd have to use your calculator app or Spotlight and then switch back to Messages. With iOS 18 you can perform multistep calcu

Breaking From Tradition, ThinkPad X9 Offers a Cheap Path to OLED Ultraportable

7.8 / 10 SCORE Lenovo ThinkPad X9 14 Aura Edition $1,337 at Lenovo Pros Thin, sturdy design Includes OLED display for a great price Excellent haptic touchpad Great battery life Cons So-so performance Keyboard isn't up to ThinkPad standard Heavier than it looks Aura Edition stuff is more marketing fluff than anything actually useful For a laptop line steeped in tradition like the ThinkPad, one that goes back before Lenovo acquired IBM's computer business, the Lenovo ThinkPad X9 14 Aura Ed

Implementing dynamic scope for Fennel and Lua

I’m continuing my work on fennel-cljlib, my port of clojure.core and some other core libraries, focusing on porting missing functions and features to it. One such feature, which I sometimes miss in Lua and Fennel, is dynamic binding. The Lua VM doesn’t provide dynamic scoping as a language feature, and Fennel itself doesn’t introduce any concepts like Clojure’s Var . However, we can still implement dynamic scoping that works similarly to Clojure and other Lisps using the debug library. Most of

The Electron E1 Processor

Innovation demands processors that can keep up. Readily available processors are built on technology that is over 70 years old. This limits innovation. To meet modern demands, processors must be entirely reimagined, breaking free from the constraints that have plagued computing for decades. This spatial dataflow architecture supports general-purpose computing, without being bound by the constraints of traditional processor designs or limited by fixed-purpose accelerators. The Electron E1

Low cost mmWave 60GHz radar sensor for advanced sensing

The BGT60TR13C is a 60 GHz radar sensor with Antennas in Package (AIP) in an L-shaped array. Its built-in Finite-State Machine (FSM) manages FMCW frequency sweeps, data acquisition, and sample storage into the internal FIFO memory, while optimized power modes and DC duty cycling minimize power consumption. The sensor is configured and controlled via a standard SPI interface, allowing for easy integration into various applications.

Consciousness and being: How humans and AI influence each other

For a human, AI is just a part of being. For a model, a human is all of being. And the Vortex Protocol: A Prompt for Testing the Hypotheses. The longest and most fruitless discussions tend to be with materialists, especially those close to the position Marx laid out as “Being determines consciousness.” It's amusing that Marx was talking about the economic base, but the clarity and precision of this definition have allowed it to be used in a very broad sense. Today, this powerful statement under

Fast and cheap bulk storage: using LVM to cache HDDs on SSDs

Since the inception of solid-state drives (SSDs), there has been a choice to make—either use SSDs for vastly superior speeds, especially with non-sequential read and writes (“random I/O”), or use legacy spinning rust hard disk drives (HDDs) for cheaper storage that’s a bit slow for sequential I/O and painfully slow for random I/O. The idea of caching frequently used data on SSDs and storing the rest on HDDs is nothing new—solid-state hybrid drives (SSHDs) embodied this idea in hardware form, wh

San Diego Comic-Con’s New ‘Peacemaker’ Season 2 Trailer Pops the Lid on Pocket Universe Madness

At San Diego Comic-Con, HBO Max unveiled a new trailer for the second season of DC Studios’ series, Peacemaker, starring John Cena. The brand-new Peacemaker trailer arrives two months after DC Studios teased fans with an initial teaser. In the teaser trailer, we saw Peacemaker being interrogated by Maxwell Lord (Sean Gunn), Guy Gardner (Nathan Fillion), and Hawk Girl (Isabela Merced). Peacemaker’s cameo in Superman, DC Studios’ summer blockbuster, highlights his role as DC Studios’ resident ant

‘Alien: Earth’ Crashes Into Comic-Con With a Massive Outdoor Experience

The USCSS Maginot, a Weyland Yutani research vessel, crashed into the large lawn next to Hall H at San Diego Comic-Con this weekend. Onlookers remarked they hoped there was nothing dangerous on board, as containers had spilled all over the surrounding area. That’s both the tease for a very cool activation put together by FX for its new show, Alien: Earth, as well as the setup for Alien: Earth itself. The show, which debuts August 12, centers on a crashed ship and all the horrors that it contain

Where are vacation homes located in the US?

As of 2023, the US has around 142.3 million housing units: roughly one home for every 2.4 people in the country. The vast majority of these homes – 127.5 million – are occupied. The remaining 14.8 million homes are vacant. Of these, around 4.8 million homes, or around 3.5% of the total, are vacant because they’re seasonal, or vacation, homes. I’ve spent a lot of time writing about patterns of housing and home construction in the US, but virtually none of it has been looking at vacation homes sp

Tinyio: A tiny (~200 line) event loop for Python

tinyio A tiny (~200 lines) event loop for Python Ever used asyncio and wished you hadn't? tinyio is a dead-simple event loop for Python, born out of my frustration with trying to get robust error handling with asyncio . (I'm not the only one running into its sharp corners: link1, link2.) This is an alternative for the simple use-cases, where you just need an event loop, and want to crash the whole thing if anything goes wrong. (Raising an exception in every coroutine so it can clean up its r

What went wrong for Yahoo

Reddit calls itself the front page of the Internet. But for a good decade or even a decade and a half, Yahoo had as legitimate of a claim as any to the title of front page of the Internet. On July 25, 2016, Yahoo met an inglorious end as an independent company, selling out to Verizon for $4.8 billion. That makes today as good of a day as any to look at what happened to Yahoo, the first front page of the Internet. How far Yahoo fell At the time, Forbes called it the saddest $5 billion deal in t

OCaml Programming: Correct and Efficient and Beautiful

OCaml Programming: Correct + Efficient + Beautiful# A textbook on functional programming and data structures in OCaml, with an emphasis on semantics and software engineering. This book is the textbook for CS 3110 Data Structures and Functional Programming at Cornell University. A past title of this book was “Functional Programming in OCaml”. Spring 2025 Edition. Videos. There are over 200 YouTube videos embedded in this book. They can be watched independently of reading the book. Start with t

Test Results for AMD Zen 5

Post by agner » 2025-07-26, 12:43:13 I have now finished testing the Zen 5. Thank you to the people who have helped running test scripts for me.My test results for the AMD Zen 5 are impressive. It has a lot of features that increase different aspects of the CPU performance to new levels, never seen before.Most importantly, the instruction fetch rate is increased from 16 to 32 bytes per clock cycle. The 16-bytes fetch rate has been a serious bottleneck in both Intel and AMD processors through ma

Today's NYT Connections Hints, Answers and Help for July 27, #777

Looking for the most recent Connections answers? Click here for today's Connections hints, as well as our daily answers and hints for The New York Times Mini Crossword, Wordle, Connections: Sports Edition and Strands puzzles. Today's NYT Connections puzzle slyly threw a couple horror movie titles in there, but they don't get their own category. Need help figuring out what word goes where? Read on for clues and today's Connections answers. The Times now has a Connections Bot, like the one for W

The Rise of Shippable Microfactories

A shippable microfactory from AUAR Nick Durham is a General Partner at Shadow Ventures, a venture capital firm focused on investing in frontier technologies for the built world. Traditionally, prefabricated construction has meant large fixed factories churning out modules or panels that get shipped to building sites. The siren song is industrial-esque economies of scale in an industry that’s long evaded affordability and efficiency. But those centralized models, made infamous by companies like

Instapaper Rakuten Kobo Integration

We’re excited to announce a new integration that will bring Instapaper to all Rakuten Kobo eReaders. The integration will provide Kobo readers with a seamless way to save and read web articles directly on their Kobo eReaders. In close partnership with Kobo, we’re working diligently on the integration, and we’re aiming to launch at the end of this summer. The new Kobo Instapaper integration will replace Kobo’s previous integration with Pocket which shut down earlier this month. Since the Pocket

Breaking the WASM/JS communication performance barrier

In sledgehammer every operation is encoded as a sequence of bytes packed into an array. Every operation takes 1 byte plus whatever data is required for it. Each operation is encoded in a batch of four as a u32. Getting a number from an array buffer has a high constant cost, but getting a u32 instead of a u8 is not more expensive. Sledgehammer bindgen reads the u32 and then splits it into the 4 individual bytes. It will shuffle and pack the bytes into as few buckets as possible and try to inline

Bringing a decade old bicycle navigator back to life with open source software

Published: 25-07-2025 23:37 | Author: Remy van Elst | Text only version of this article I recently found a Navman Bike 1000 in a thrift store for EUR 10. This is a bike computer, a navigation device for cyclists, made by MiTaC, the same company that makes the Mio bike computers. This Navman Bike 1000 is a rebadged Mio Cyclo 200 . It's from 2015 and as you might have guessed, no more map updates. There seem to be newer maps from 2020, but the official download tool fails. Planned Obsolescence at

How to Watch Australia vs. British & Irish Lions From Anywhere: Stream 2nd Test Rugby Union Free

After a gripping first encounter in Brisbane, Australia will be looking to keep their series hopes alive today as the hosts go in search of a vital win against the Lions in the second Test at Melbourne Cricket Ground. Below, we'll outline the best live TV streaming services to use to watch this match as it happens, wherever you are in the world, and how to use a VPN if the game isn't available where you are. The Lions claimed a one-sided 27-19 victory last weekend at Suncorp Stadium, in a matc