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WASM 3.0 Completed

Published on September 17, 2025 by Andreas Rossberg. Three years ago, version 2.0 of the Wasm standard was (essentially) finished, which brought a number of new features, such as vector instructions, bulk memory operations, multiple return values, and simple reference types. In the meantime, the Wasm W3C Community Group and Working Group have not been lazy. Today, we are happy to announce the release of Wasm 3.0 as the new “live” standard. This is a substantially larger update: several big fe

De-risking investment in AI agents

For businesses, the potential is transformative: AI agents that can handle complex service interactions, support employees in real time, and scale seamlessly as customer demands shift. But the move from scripted, deterministic flows to non-deterministic, generative systems brings new challenges. How can you test something that doesn’t always respond the same way twice? How can you balance safety and flexibility when giving an AI system access to core infrastructure? And how can you manage cost,

2048 with only 64 bits of state

This is an implementation of the classic 2048 game in your terminal: Share your game state with friends by just sending them a number! If the $STATE env variable isn't set, it generates a fresh random seed. Otherwise the board state and all future spawned cells will be deterministic.

Five Kinds of Nondeterminism

February 19, 2025 Five Kinds of Nondeterminism Or four kinds, or six kinds, I'm not picky about how you count them No newsletter next week, I'm teaching a TLA+ workshop. Speaking of which: I spend a lot of time thinking about formal methods (and TLA+ specifically) because it's where the source of almost all my revenue. But I don't share most of the details because 90% of my readers don't use FM and never will. I think it's more interesting to talk about ideas from FM that would be useful to