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Understanding Deflate

Understanding Deflate I’m trying to understand how Deflate works so decided to compress a simple string TOBEORNOTTOBEORTOBEORNOT using GZIP then decode the resulting file by hand. Compressing the data Pretty simple here, text in bytes out: $ echo -n 'TOBEORNOTTOBEORTOBEORNOT' | gzip -n | xxd -ps -u 1F8B08000000000000030BF17772F50FF2F30F09013342605C00F14E3D2D 18000000 Reading the GZIP data Even though I’m really interested in the compressed data I have to decode the GZIP “wrapper” in order

Procedural Island Generation (III)

Resulting terrain elevation with multi-scale noise layers and mountain peaks This post continues from Part II, where we established the paint map foundation and mountain ridge system. Now we’ll add detailed noise layers, distance-based mountain peaks, and do blending to create the final terrain elevation. Paint Map (recap) Before applying noise layers, we start with the foundation established in Part I - the paint map that defines our base land/water distribution: The paint map from Part I -

Folks, we have the best π

In the past couple of months, I published a number of articles on recreational math. I did my best to keep them accessible and fun, but my goal was usually to shed light at deeper mathematical truths. For example, the discussion of 0.999… = 1 served as a springboard to highlight some of the subtler properties of real numbers and the different meanings of infinity. Today, I have no agenda. This article exists because I discovered a somewhat obscure paper that says something unexpected and cool.

The Universe Within 12.5 Light Years

The Universe within 12.5 Light Years The Nearest Stars Number of stars within 12.5 light years = 33 About the Map This map shows all the star systems that lie within 12.5 light years of our Sun. Most of the stars are red dwarfs - stars with a tenth of the Sun's mass and less than one hundredth the luminosity. Roughly eighty percent of all the stars in the universe are red dwarfs, and the nearest star - Proxima - is a typical example. Information on the Nearest Stars Sun - Type= G2 , Magnitu

This Hidden iPhone Feature Could Help Protect Your Eyes

According to my iPhone, I spend about four hours a day looking at my phone. I'm sure I hold my iPhone close to my face at times, especially at night, and that might be why my eyes hurt sometimes, like I've got something in them. Luckily, there's a hidden iPhone feature called Screen Distance that could help all of us take better care of our eyes. CNET The feature warns you when you're holding your iPhone or iPad too close to your face, sort of like having a parent tell you to sit farther back

Perfecting anti-aliasing on signed distance functions

← index Doing anti-aliasing on SDF is not as straightforward as it seems. Most of the time, we see people use a smoothstep with hardcoded constants, sometimes with screen space information, sometimes cryptic or convoluted formulas. Even if SDFs have the perfect mathematical properties needed for a clean anti-aliasing, the whole issue has a scope larger than it appears at first glance. And even when trivial solutions exist, it's not always clear why they are a good fit. Let's study that together

3 Best Hall Effect Keyboards for Gamers and Serious Typists (2025)

Polling rate is likely one of the most prominently displayed details on any Hall effect keyboard, purely because the large numbers emphasize one of the most important aspects of these keyboards: Speed. Whether a keyboard has a 1,000- or 10,000-Hz polling rate, this number represents how many messages are sent from the keyboard to the PC every second. For example, a keyboard with 1,000-Hz polling will send 1000 messages every second. Most office equipment operates at 125 Hz. In high-performance g

Petabit-class transmission over > 1000 km using standard 19-core optical fiber

An international research team led by the Photonic Network Laboratory at the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT, President: TOKUDA Hideyuki Ph.D.), and including Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. (Sumitomo Electric, President: INOUE Osamu) have set a new world record in optical fiber communications, achieving data transmission at 1.02 petabits per second over a distance of 1,808 kilometers (roughly equivalent to the distance from Sapporo to Fukuoka, from Misso

HyAB k-means for color quantization

HyAB k-means for color quantization Color quantization in CIELAB space, visualized. The input is converted to CIELAB space and a special “HyAB” distance formula is used when clustering. This in theory should result in better image quality. I’ve been obsessing over color quantization algorithms lately, and when I learned that an image conversion app called Composite did its so-called pixel mapping step in CIELAB space, I instantly thought of the “HyAB” color distance formula I’d seen in the FLI

Collatz's Ant and Σ(n)

Collatz's Ant and Σ(n) Relevant preceding posts here and here. Consider the corresponding ant’s landscape development for $n = 500$: with the last frame being: Let’s also consider a score function $\Sigma(n)$ which returns the number of 1’s (or marked states) left by the ant on the corresponding landscape (regarding the last frame). With the prior example, we would have $\Sigma(500) = 54$. We might also want to normalize this by the corresponding stopping time $\tau_{n}$ characteristic of th

Painting with Math: A Gentle Study of Raymarching (2023)

Most of my experience writing GLSL so far focused on enhancing pre-existing Three.js/React Three Fiber scenes that contain diverse geometries and materials with effects that wouldn't be achievable without shaders, such as my work with dispersion and particle effects. However, during my studies of shaders, I always found my way to Shadertoy, which contains a multitude of impressive 3D scenes featuring landscapes, clouds, fractals, and so much more, entirely implemented in GLSL. No geometries. No

Painting with Math: A Gentle Study of Raymarching

Most of my experience writing GLSL so far focused on enhancing pre-existing Three.js/React Three Fiber scenes that contain diverse geometries and materials with effects that wouldn't be achievable without shaders, such as my work with dispersion and particle effects. However, during my studies of shaders, I always found my way to Shadertoy, which contains a multitude of impressive 3D scenes featuring landscapes, clouds, fractals, and so much more, entirely implemented in GLSL. No geometries. No

DARPA program sets distance record for power beaming

In a series of recent tests in New Mexico, the Persistent Optical Wireless Energy Relay (POWER) program achieved several new records for transmitting power over distance. The team recorded more than 800 watts of power delivered during a 30-second transmission from a laser 8.6 kilometers (5.3 miles) away. Over the course of the test campaign, more than a megajoule of energy was transferred. Previously, the greatest reported distance records for an appreciable amount of optical power (>1 microwat