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Generic interfaces

Generic interfaces Axel Wagner 7 July 2025 There is an idea that is not obvious until you hear about it for the first time: as interfaces are types themselves, they too can have type parameters. This idea proves to be surprisingly powerful when it comes to expressing constraints on generic functions and types. In this post, we’ll demonstrate it, by discussing the use of interfaces with type parameters in a couple of common scenarios. A simple tree set As a motivating example, assume we need

macOS Icon History

With macOS 26, Apple has announced a dramatically new look to their UI: Liquid Glass. Solid material icon elements give way to softer, shinier, glassier icons. The rounded rectangle became slightly more rounded, and Apple eliminated the ability for icon elements to extend beyond the icon rectangle (as seen in the current icons for GarageBand, Photo Booth, Dictionary, etc.). With this release being one of the most dramatic visual overhauls of macOS's design, I wanted to begin a collection chroni

Show HN: Fast Thermodynamic Calculations in Python

Gaspype provides two main classes: fluid and elements . A fluid object can have multiple compositions. A multidimensional fluid object can be created for example by multiplication with a numpy array: In some cases not the molecular but the atomic composition is of interest. The elements class can be used for atom based balances and works similar: el = gp . elements ({ 'N' : 1 , 'Cl' : 2 }) el . get_mass () np . float64 ( 0.08490700000000001 ) A elements object can be as well instantiated fr

Physicists start to pin down how stars forge heavy atoms

The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) may not glitter quite like the night sky, plunked as it is between Michigan State University’s chemistry department and the performing arts center. Inside, though, the lab is teeming with substances that are otherwise found only in stars. Here, atomic nuclei accelerate to half the speed of light, smash into a target and shatter into smithereens. The collisions create some of the same rare, unstable isotopes that arise inside stars and which, through a

That XOR Trick (2020)

There are a whole bunch of popular interview questions that can be solved in one of two ways: Either using common data structures and algorithms in a sensible manner, or by using some properties of XOR in a seemingly hard to understand way. While it seems unreasonable to expect the XOR solutions in interviews, it is quite fun to figure out how they work. As it turns out, they are all based on the same fundamental trick, which we will derive in a bottom-up way in this post. Afterwards we will lo

Physicists Start to Pin Down How Stars Forge Heavy Atoms

The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) may not glitter quite like the night sky, plunked as it is between Michigan State University’s chemistry department and the performing arts center. Inside, though, the lab is teeming with substances that are otherwise found only in stars. Here, atomic nuclei accelerate to half the speed of light, smash into a target and shatter into smithereens. The collisions create some of the same rare, unstable isotopes that arise inside stars and which, through a

How much slower is random access, really?

by Sam Estep, 2025-06-23 You may know that, because your computer has different caches (L1, L2, L3...), and memory operations operate on cache lines of about 64 bytes each, you should write programs that exhibit locality to get maximum performance. L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L3 RAM (Disk not shown, of course.) But how well do you understand this idea? For instance, let's say you have an array of floating-point numbers, and an array of all the indices of the first array. You have a p

Alternative Layout System

This script imitates a method used in certain manuscripts, where the space between the last word of a line and the end of the text block is filled with various elements ― such as a simple or wavy pen stroke, repetition of the last letter, punctuation marks, embellished slashes, full stops, etc. It allows you to fill this space with one or more glyphs of your choice, or by repeating the last letter of the line.

How Walmart built an AI platform that makes it beholden to no one (and that 1.5M associates actually want to use)

Join the event trusted by enterprise leaders for nearly two decades. VB Transform brings together the people building real enterprise AI strategy. Learn more Walmart isn’t buying enterprise AI solutions, they’re creating them in their AI foundry. The retailer’s Element platform has evolved into an internal foundry, capable of creating AI applications at a pace that renders traditional software development obsolete. With 1.5 million associates now using AI tools built on Element, Walmart has sol

Cracovians: The Twisted Twins of Matrices

Linear algebra is typically explained using matrices. But matrix theory is just one possible perspective. Below, I describe an alternative approach to linear algebra. Tadeusz Banachiewicz (1882–1954), a Polish astronomer living in Krakow, was passionate about calculating machines. From the 1920s, Banachiewicz developed a method for computations on tables of numbers, which was particularly easy to perform with arithmometers. In honor of Krakow, Banachiewicz named these computational objects crac

Liquid Glass – WWDC25 [video]

Liquid Glass is a significant new step and evolution of the look and feel of Apple software. It introduces a flexible, dynamic layer to apps and system experiences across Apple’s ecosystem of products. It builds on learnings from all the way from the Aqua user interface of Mac OS X, through to the realtime blurs of iOS 7, to the fluidity of iPhone X, the flexibility of the Dynamic Island, and the immersive interface of visionOS. Building off these learnings, rather than trying to simply recreat

Customizable HTML Select

Una Kravets Styling form controls like the <select> element has been reported as a top developer pain point for years, and we've been working on a solution. While this work is complex and has taken a long time to get right, we're getting very close to landing this feature. A customizable version of the select element is officially in Stage 2 in the WHATWG, with strong cross-browser interest and a prototype for you to test out from Chrome Canary 130. Try it out and give us your feedback Check